Reference from the joint report of FAO/WHO expert consultation of Human Vitamins and Minerals verbatim.
53. World Health Organization. 1998. Complementary feeding of young children in developing countries. Geneva, WHO.
The infrequency with which magnesium deficiency develops in human-milk-fed infants implies that the content and physiologic availability of magnesium in human milk meets the infants’ requirements. The intake of maternal milk from exclusively human-milk-fed infants 1–10 months of age ranges from 700 to 900 g/day in both industrialized and developing countries (53).
11. Lonnerdal, B. 1995. Magnesium nutrition of infants. Magnesium . 8: 99-105.
54. Iyengar, G.V. 1982. Elemental composition of Human and animal milk. IAEA-TECDOC-296 International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna.
55. Liu, Y.M.P., Neal, P., Ernst, J., Weaver, C., Richard, K., Smith,D.L. & Lemons, J. 1989. Absorption of calcium and magnesium from fortified Human milk by very low birth weight infants. Pediatr Res., 25: 496-502.
If the magnesium content of milk is assumed to be 29 mg/l (11, 54, 55), the intake from milk is 20–26 mg/day, or approximately 0.04 mg/kcal.
56. Lonnerdal, B. 1977. Effects of milk and milk components on calcium, magnesium, and trace element absorption during infancy. Physiol. Revs., 77: 643-669.
The magnesium in human milk is absorbed with substantially greater efficiency (about 80–90 percent) than that of formula milks (about 55–75 percent) or solid foods (about 50 percent) (56), and such differences must be taken into account when comparing differing dietary sources.
For example, a daily intake of 23 mg from maternal milk probably yields 18 mg available magnesium, a quantity similar to that of the 36 mg or more suggested as meeting the requirements of young infants given formula or other foods (Table 46).
58. Dorup, I. 1994. Magnesium and potassium deficiency: its diagnosis, occurrence and treatment. Institute of Physiology, University of Aarhus, Denmark.
14. Nichols, B.L., Alvarado J., Hazelwood C.F. & Viteri F. 1978. Magnesium supplement in protein-calorie malnutrition. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 31: 176-188.
An indication of a likely requirement for magnesium at other ages can be derived from studies of magnesium-potassium relationships in muscle (58) and the clinical recovery of young children rehabilitated from malnutrition with or without magnesium fortification of therapeutic diets. Nichols et al. (14) showed that 12 mg magnesium/day was not sufficient to restore positive magnesium balances, serum magnesium content, or the magnesium and potassium contents of muscle of children undergoing PEM rehabilitation.
49. Caddel, J.L. 1969. Magnesium deficiency in protein-calorie malnutrition; a follow-up study. Ann N Y Acad Sci., 162: 874-890.
50. Caddell, J.L. & Goodard, D.R. 1967. Studies in protein calorie malnutrition: I. Chemical evidence for magnesium deficiency. N. Engl. J. Med., 276: 533-535.
Muscle potassium was restored to normal by 42 mg magnesium/day but higher intakes of dietary magnesium, up to 160 mg/day, were needed to restore muscle magnesium to normal. Although these studies show clearly that magnesium synergized growth responses resulting from nutritional rehabilitation, they also indicated that rectification of earlier deficits of protein and energy was a pre-requisite to initiation of this effect of magnesium. Similar studies by Caddell et al. (49, 50) also illustrate the secondary significance of magnesium accelerating clinical recovery from PEM.
59. Manalo, E., Flora, R.E. & Duel, S.E. 1967. A simple method for estimating dietary magnesium. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 20: 627-631.
They indicate that prolonged consumption of diets low in protein and energy and with a low ratio (<0.02) of magnesium (in milligrams) to energy (in kilocalories) can induce pathologic changes which respond to increases in dietary magnesium supply. It is noteworthy that of the balance trials intended to investigate magnesium requirements, none has yet included treatments with magnesium energy ratios of <0.04 or induced pathologic responses. The relationship Mg = (kcal x 0.0099) - 0.0117 (SE ± 0.0029) holds for many conventional diets (59).
59. Manalo, E., Flora, R.E. & Duel, S.E. 1967. A simple method for estimating dietary
magnesium. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 20: 627-631.
25. Galan, P., Preziosi, P., Durlach, V., Valeix, P., Ribas, L., Bouzid, D., Favier, A. & Heraberg, S. 1997. Dietary magnesium intake in a French adult population. Magnesium, 10: 321-328.
21. Department of Health. 1991. Dietary Reference Values for Food Energy and Nutrients for the United Kingdom. Report on Health and Social Subjects No. 41. London. HMSO.
27. Food and Nutrition Board/ National Research Council. 1989. Recommended Dietary Allowances. 10th edition. Washington, National Academy Press.
44. Shils, M.E. & Rude, R.K. 1996. Deliberations and evaluations of the approaches, endpoints and paradigms for magnesium dietary recommendations. J. Nutr., 126 (9 Suppl): 2398S-2403S.
Some staple foods in common use have very low magnesium contents; cassava, sago, corn flour or cornstarch, and polished rice all have low magnesium energy ratios (0.003–0.02) (18). Their use in bulk merits appraisal of total dietary magnesium content. It has been reported, with increasing frequency, that high percents (e.g., <70 percent) (25) of individuals from some communities in Europe have magnesium intakes substantially lower than estimates of magnesium requirements derived principally from US and UK sources (21, 27). Such reports emphasise the need for reappraisal of estimates for reasons previously discussed (44).
The estimates submitted by this Consultation must be regarded as provisional. Until additional data become available, these estimates reflect consideration of anxieties that previous recommendations for magnesium are overestimates. They make greater allowance for developmental changes in growth rate and in protein and energy requirements.
21. Department of Health. 1991. Dietary Reference Values for Food Energy and Nutrients for the United Kingdom. Report on Health and Social Subjects No. 41. London. HMSO.
27. Food and Nutrition Board/ National Research Council. 1989. Recommended Dietary Allowances. 10th edition. Washington, National Academy Press.
46. Scientific Committee for Foods. 1993. Nutrient and Energy Intakes for the European Community. Report of the Scientific Committee for Food, Thirty First Series. European Commission, Brussels.
34. Andon, M.B., Ilich, J.Z., Tzagornnis, & Matkovic, V. 1996. Magnesium balance in adolescent females consuming a low- or high-calcium diet. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 63:950-953.
60. Mahalko, J.R., Sandstead, H.H., Johnson, L.K. & Milne, D.B. 1983. Effect of a moderate increase in dietary protein on the retention and excretion of Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, P, and Zn by adult males. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 37: 8-14.
62. Marshall, D.H., Nordin, B.E.C. & Speed, R. 1976. Calcium, phosphorus and magnesium requirement. Proc. Nutr. Soc., 35: 163-173.
19. Tan, S.P., Wenlock, R.W. & Buss, D.H. 1985. Immigrant Foods: 2nd Suppt to the Composition of Foods. London. HMSO.
In reconsidering data cited in previous reports (21, 27, 46), particular attention has been paid to balance data suggesting that the experimental conditions established have provided reasonable opportunity for the development of equilibrium during the investigation (34, 60-62). Recommended magnesium intakes are presented in Table 46 together with indications of the relationships of each recommendation to relevant estimates of the average requirements for dietary protein, and energy (19).
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