Reference from the joint report of FAO/WHO expert consultation on Human Vitamins and Minerals verbatim.
43. Mahalingam, T.R., Vijayalakshni, S., Krishna, & Prabhu, R. 1997. Studies on some trace and minor elements in blood. A survey of the Kalpakkan (India) population. Part III: Studies on dietary intake and its correlation to blood levels. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 57: 223-238.
44. Levander, O.A. 1987. A global view of human selenium nutrition. Annu. Rev. Nutr., 7:227-250.
8. Reilly, C. 1996. Selenium in food and health. London, Blackie Academic and
Professional.
18. Yang, G-Q., Zhu, L-Z., Liu, S-J., Gu, L-Z., Qian, P-C., Huang, J-H. & Lu, M-D. 1984. Human selenium requirements in China. In: Selenium in Biology and Medicine. Combs, G.R., Spallholz, J.E., Levander, O.A., Oldfield, J.E. eds. p.589-607. New York, AVI Van Nostrand.
43. Mahalingam, T.R., Vijayalakshni, S., Krishna, & Prabhu, R. 1997. Studies on some trace and minor elements in blood. A survey of the Kalpakkan (India) population. Part III: Studies on dietary intake and its correlation to blood levels. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 57: 223-238.
45. Varo, P. & Koivistoinen, P. 1980. Mineral element composition of Finnish foods. XII General discussion and nutritional evaluation. Acta Agric. Scand., Supplement No. 22;165-171.
46. MAFF. 1997. UK Dietary Intake of Selenium. MAFF Food Surveillance Information Sheet: No. 126. London, MAFF/HMSO.
47. World Health Organization. 1998. Complementary Feeding of Young Children in
Developing Countries \\WHO/NUT/98.1. Geneva, WHO.
8. Reilly, C. 1996. Selenium in food and health. London, Blackie Academic and Professional.
18. Yang, G-Q., Zhu, L-Z., Liu, S-J., Gu, L-Z., Qian, P-C., Huang, J-H. & Lu, M-D. 1984. Human selenium requirements in China. In: Selenium in Biology and Medicine. Combs, G.R., Spallholz, J.E., Levander, O.A., Oldfield, J.E. eds. p.589-607. New York, AVI Van Nostrand.
23. Baum, M.K., Shor-Posner, G., Lai, S.H., Zhang, G.Y., Fletcher, M.A., Sanberlich, H. & Page, J.B. 1997. High risk of HIV-related mortality is associated with selenium deficiency. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol., 15: 370-374.
25. Dworkin, B.M. 1994. Selenium deficiency in HIV infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Chem. Bio. Interact., 91: 181-186.
44. Levander, O.A. 1987. A global view of human selenium nutrition. Annu. Rev. Nutr., 7:
227-250.
76. Alfthan, G. & Neve, J. 1996. Reference values for serum selenium in various areas evaluated according to the TRACY protocol. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol., 10: 77-87.
77. Diplock, A.T., Contempre, B., Dumont, J., Bebe, N. & Vanderpas, J. 1997. Interaction of selenium and iodine deficiency diseases. In: Trace Elements in Man and Animals - 9. Proceedings of the ninth International Symposium on Trace Elements in Man and Animals. p. 63-68. Fischer, P.W.F. L'Abbe, M.R., Cockell, K.A., Gibson, R.S. Ottawa,
ON, NRC Research Press.
78. Diplock, A.T. 1993. Indexes of selenium status in Human populations. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., Supplement 57: 256S-258S.
79. Versieck, J. & Cornelis, R. 1989. Trace elements in Human plasma or serum. Boca Raton, CRC Press.
Environmental conditions and agricultural practices have a profound influence on the selenium content of many foods. Tables 48, 49 and 50 illustrate the wide range of selenium content of the principal food groups and the variability in the selenium content of individual foods. This variability is exceeded only by that found in the iodine content of foods. Geographic differences in the content and availability of selenium from soils to food crops and animal products have a marked effect on the selenium status of entire communities.
3. Ge, K. & Yang, G. 1993. The epidemiology of selenium deficiency in the etiological study of endemic diseases in China. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., Supplement 57: 259S-263S.
19. Johnson, C.C., Ge, X., Green, K.A. & Liu, X. 1996. Studies of selenium distribution in soil, grain, drinking water and human hair samples from the Keshan Disease belt of Zhangjiakou district, Henei Province, China. Technical Report WC/96/52. Nottingham, UK, Overseas Geology Series, British Geological Survey.
For example, the distribution of Keshan disease and Kaschin-Beck disease in China reflects the distribution of soils from which selenium is poorly available to rice, maize, wheat, and pasture grasses (Table 48). Cereal crop selenium contents of 3–7 ng/g are not uncommon (3) and it has been suggested that <10 ng/g for grain selenium and <3 ng/g for water-soluble soil selenium could be used as indexes to define deficient areas (19).
Fluctuations in the selenium status of many communities in northern Europe reflect the intrinsically low selenium content of its glacial soils and the extent to which selenium supplementation of fertilisers has been successful in increasing the selenium content of cereal grains, milk, and other animal products.
45. Varo, P. & Koivistoinen, P. 1980. Mineral element composition of Finnish foods. XII General discussion and nutritional evaluation. Acta Agric. Scand., Supplement No. 22; 165-171.
Deliberate importation of cereals from areas with relatively high available selenium in soil has also occurred or been recommended in some areas of Finland, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom after steady declines in the selenium status of some communities were noted. Conversely, low-selenium grains are being selected in China, India, and Venezuela to reduce the risks of selenosis. Comprehensive data summarising the selenium contents of staple foods are available elsewhere (e.g., 45). (Table 48b)
8. Reilly, C. 1996. Selenium in food and health. London, Blackie Academic and Professional.
Reports from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) provide representativedata on daily total selenium intakes for more than 40 countries (see reference 8, p 215–217). The great influence of dietary and geographic variables on selenium status is evident from recent summaries of data describing national and regional differences for the selenium content of human and formula milks, diets, and human serum (Tables 48, 49, 50 and 51).
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